Global Mpox Trends

Key figures

This report summarizes data from the global mpox surveillance established by WHO in 2022. For more detailed context and thematic analyses, see the following sections:

Topic	Relevant sections
Global distribution of clade Ib MPXV	Section 2.2
Clade II, Ia, and Ib MPXV in Africa	Section 3
Clade Ia and Ib MPXV in the Democratic Republic of the Congo	Section 4
Global epidemiology (largely clade IIb MPXV)	Section 5

For further information on the epidemiological situation in Africa, see Section 3

For further information on the epidemiological situation in Africa, see Section 3.

Values shown here are subject to case definitions used by their respective countries. For more information see Section 3.5.

For further information on the epidemiological situation in Africa, see Section 3

For further information on the distribution of MPXV clades see Section 2

Weekly trends in Africa

Data as updated weekly; from 01 January 2024 to 19 October 2025. Note that data shown here includes laboratory confirmed cases only. The most recent weeks presented in the epidemic curves should be interpreted with caution, as there are delays associated with reporting.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a small number of cases are not represented on epidemic curves due to missing dates.

In week 37 of 2025, revisions to the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s laboratory database retrospectively added over 2000 confirmed cases across provinces for earlier weeks of 2025.

Totals for key countries

Summary of confirmed mpox cases in key countries
As of 19 Oct 2025
Country	Total cases in 2024	Total deaths in 2024	Total cases in 2025	Total deaths in 2025	Cases in the past six weeks1	Deaths in the past six weeks1	Clades detected in country	Date of last reported case
Democratic Republic of the Congo2	13 005	27	20 900	48	1189	2	Clades Ia, Ib and II (a and/or b)	19 Oct 2025
Kenya	31	1	708	9	285	3	Clade Ib	19 Oct 2025
Uganda	1352	13	6896	37	210	0	Clade Ib	12 Oct 2025
Sierra Leone	0	0	5433	59	167	3	Clade II (a and/or b)	19 Oct 2025
Burundi	2946	1	1551	0	69	0	Clade Ib	19 Oct 2025
Rwanda	82	0	45	0	0	0	Clade Ib	5 Oct 2025
1 From 08 Sep 2025 to 19 Oct 2025
2 Confirmed mpox cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are based on the laboratory database shared by the Ministry of Health with WHO. Confirmed deaths for 2024 are based on summary reports from the Ministry of Health. Annual breakdowns exclude 494 confirmed cases with dates prior to 2024 or with missing date information. For 2025, confirmed deaths are sourced from the clinical management database, also shared by the Ministry of Health with WHO, which includes data on confirmed mpox patients treated at designated mpox treatment centres.

Totals for Africa

Data as updated weekly; from 01 January 2022 to 19 October 2025. Note that data shown here refers to laboratory confirmed cases only, and are collected from the continent of Africa, across the WHO African and Eastern Mediterranean regions.

Total lab confirmed cases in week 42 2025

168

Total lab confirmed deaths in week 42 2025

5

Countries reporting cases in week 42 2025

11

Total lab confirmed cases in 2025

39 799

Total lab confirmed deaths in 2025

178

Countries reporting cases in 2025

27

Total lab confirmed cases since 2022

59 710

Total lab confirmed deaths since 2022

252

Countries reporting cases since 2022

33

Global totals

Data as updated monthly; from 01 January 2022 to 30 September 2025

Total lab confirmed cases in September 2025

3135

Total lab confirmed deaths in September 2025

12

Countries reporting cases in September 2025

42

Total lab confirmed cases in 2025

44 299

Total lab confirmed deaths in 2025

180

Countries reporting cases in 2025

93

Total lab confirmed cases since 2022

168 974

Total lab confirmed deaths since 2022

441

Countries reporting cases since 2022

140

Clades detected globally

Known clade distribution of MPXV as of 19 October 2025. Clade detection includes cases associated with local transmission and imported cases. Data is based on a combination of sequencing databanks, published literature, epidemiological links, and communication to WHO since 2022.

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1 Overview

This report provides an overview of the mpox¹ epidemiological situation, based on global surveillance data reported to WHO since 01 January 2022. This surveillance was initiated in response to the unprecedented human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus (MPXV) that occurred globally in 2022, leading to the first Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) for mpox. Following the lifting of that PHEIC, surveillance updates were issued monthly for all WHO regions. With the declaration of the second PHEIC in August 2024, surveillance was further strengthened in most African countries, where updates are now provided on a weekly basis. The mpox second PHEIC was lifted on 05 September 2025.

¹ On 28 November 2022, WHO recommended using the name mpox as a new name for monkeypox disease. The virus causing mpox continues to be named monkeypox virus (MPXV).

² A summary of the geographic distribution of MPXV clades is included in Section 2.

Distinct MPXV clades and subclades are impacting diverse populations in different geographical regions, each exhibiting varied transmission dynamics².

WHO conducted the latest global mpox rapid risk assessment in September 2025, and based on the available information, the risk was assessed as follows:

MPXV clade	Areas/populations affected	Overall global public health risk level3
Clade Ib	Predominantly affecting non-endemic areas for mpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and neighbouring countries	Moderate
Clade Ia	Primarily affecting endemic areas for mpox within the Democratic Republic of the Congo	Low4
Clade II	Observed in Nigeria and endemic countries in West and Central Africa	Moderate
Clade IIb	Associated with the global mpox epidemic first documented in 2022	Low

³ Possible risk levels are Low, Moderate, High, and Very High

⁴ The situation in Kinshasa, however, requires particular attention. The risk associated with the clade Ia MPXV outbreak there is deemed higher than in clade Ia MPXV-endemic areas, with currently no evidence to suggest that clade Ia MPXV and clade Ib MPXV in the Kinshasa context are epidemiologically distinct.

Please note that, irrespective of geographic area, epidemiological context, biological sex, gender identity, or sexual behaviour, individual-level risk is largely dependent on individual factors such as exposure risk and immunity status.

This report focuses mainly on confirmed cases and deaths as defined by WHO’s working case definition published in the surveillance, case investigation and contact tracing for mpox interim guidance. For countries with suboptimal testing rate, such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, both laboratory confirmed and suspected cases are shown where possible to better describe the national epidemiological situation. Countries⁵ may use case definitions that differ slightly from those proposed by WHO, however, all confirmed mpox cases need to have a positive laboratory (PCR) test result.

⁵ Throughout this document, any use of the word country should be considered shorthand for a country, area, or territory

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2 Summary of MPXV clades

Phylogenetic tree of all MPXV clades

Based on phylogenetic analysis, MPXV⁶ is divided into two major clades: clade I (one, formerly Congo Basin clade) and clade II (two, formerly West Africa clade). Each of these clades is further subdivided into two subclades: clade Ia and clade Ib within clade I; clade IIa and clade IIb within clade II.

⁶ MPXV genetic sequences are routinely shared within NCBI GenBank and GISAID databases.

• Clade Ia MPXV circulates within multiple countries in Central Africa and is associated with regular spillover from animal reservoirs with some onward human-to-human transmission. Mixing of virus sequences from these countries within the clade Ia phylogenetic tree shows cross-border movement of clade Ia viruses.

• Clade Ib MPXV started a major outbreak in 2023 in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo⁷ and is undergoing sustained human-to-human transmission in several countries.

• Clade IIa MPXV has historically been detected primarily in animal species, with only limited human cases. However, more recently an increasing number of cases has been reported in several West African countries.

• Clade IIb MPXV, first detected in Nigeria, has undergone extended sustained circulation within humans since at least 2016 and has caused a large ongoing outbreak from 2022 to present. During the global outbreak, it has largely been associated with transmission among men who have sex with men. This outbreak reached its highest peak in August 2022, and continues to circulate at low levels in several countries.

⁷ More information on the geographical distribution of clades Ia and Ib MPXV can be seen in Section 4

2.1 Imported cases and clusters of clade I MPXV

The following table summarizes the available information on reported imported cases, and where applicable, onward cases of clade I MPXV. This table includes some imported cases from countries which have gone on to report community transmission⁸.

⁸ This table is available for download in Section 7

2.2 Geographical spread of clade Ib MPXV

This section gives an overview of clade Ib MPXV distribution in affected countries, as well as imported travel related cases, in line with the recommendations of the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005) Emergency Committee on the upsurge of mpox in 2024.

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Based on the presence of clade Ib mpox cases reported in the past six weeks, a country is classified as having:

Community transmission, if:

At least one reported case has no epidemiological link to travel or contact with a traveler from a country with known mpox transmission. This classification applies regardless of the total number of cases reported.

Cases linked to travel, if all reported cases are either:

Individuals who traveled to a country with known mpox transmission, were likely exposed there, and were diagnosed upon return or arrival.

OR

Individuals who did not travel themselves but had direct contact with someone who traveled to an affected country where the exposure occurred.

Unknown:

Insufficient information is available to determine if cases are due to community transmission or linked to travel.

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Based on the presence of clade Ib mpox cases reported in the past six weeks, a country is classified as having:

Community transmission, if:

At least one reported case has no epidemiological link to travel or contact with a traveler from a country with known mpox transmission. This classification applies regardless of the total number of cases reported.

Cases linked to travel, if all reported cases are either:

Individuals who traveled to a country with known mpox transmission, were likely exposed there, and were diagnosed upon return or arrival.

OR

Individuals who did not travel themselves but had direct contact with someone who traveled to an affected country where the exposure occurred.

Previously reporting cases, if:

No new clade Ib MPXV cases have been reported for a period of more than six consecutive weeks since the last case, regardless of the previous transmission classification. Transmission is in control phase.

Unknown:

Insufficient information is available to determine if cases are due to community transmission or linked to travel.

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Transmission classification of countries with active clade Ib MPXV spread

The following table includes countries reporting clade Ib MPXV in the past six weeks, and aims to classify their transmission dynamics into two ordinal categories⁹. If countries have not reported cases in the past six weeks, they are not considered to have active clade Ib transmission.

⁹ Transmission status is based on information reported to WHO, and does not account for instances where transmission may not be detected.

Clade Ib MPXV transmission classifications
Country1	Cases since Jan 2024	Cases in past 6 weeks	Transmission status2	Additional notes
Democratic Republic of the Congo	3 34 399	3 1189	Community transmission	-
Uganda	8248	210	Community transmission	-
Burundi	4497	69	Community transmission	-
Kenya	739	285	Community transmission	-
Zambia	281	30	Community transmission	-
United Republic of Tanzania	185	26	Community transmission	-
Malawi	134	38	Community transmission	-
Congo	102	3	Community transmission	-
Mozambique	84	18	Community transmission	-
United States of America	8	3	Community transmission	-
Italy	4	3	Community transmission	-
Spain	2	2	Community transmission	-
Portugal	1	1	Community transmission	-
Netherlands	1	1	Community transmission	-
Malaysia	1	1	Community transmission	-
Germany	14	2	Cases linked to travel	-
Belgium	7	1	Cases linked to travel	-
Qatar	7	2	Cases linked to travel	-
Thailand	6	1	Cases linked to travel	-
France	4	1	Cases linked to travel	-
Australia	4	1	Cases linked to travel	-
Canada	2	1	Cases linked to travel	-
Japan	1	1	Cases linked to travel	-
Note: Data as of 24 October 2025.
Between 12 and 22 October 2025, nine cases of clade Ib MPXV without any travel links or epidemiological links to known confirmed cases were reported from Italy, Malaysia, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United States of America.
1 For countries classified as having cases linked to travel, only cases of mpox due to clade Ib MPXV are included. Cases in these countries for which clade and subclade classification is not determined or pending are not included. Note that multiple exported cases have been detected in travellers returning from United Arab Emirates, indicating likely community transmission in-country.
2 Countries with cases linked to travel also include instances where one to two generations of onward transmission have been reported, and linked to index cases.
3 Cases reported in Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are known to be a mix of clade Ia and clade Ib MPXV.

Total cases of clade Ib MPXV by country

Clade Ib MPXV cases by country
Country	WHO region	Cases since Jan 2024	Cases in past 6 weeks
Democratic Republic of the Congo	African Region	1 34 399	1 1189
Uganda	African Region	8248	210
Burundi	African Region	4497	69
Kenya	African Region	739	285
Zambia	African Region	281	30
United Republic of Tanzania	African Region	185	26
Malawi	African Region	134	38
Rwanda	African Region	127	0
Congo	African Region	102	3
Mozambique	African Region	84	18
Ethiopia	African Region	32	0
China	Western Pacific Region	29	0
South Sudan	African Region	21	0
The United Kingdom	European Region	16	0
Germany	European Region	14	2
India	South-East Asia Region	10	0
South Africa	African Region	9	0
United States of America	Region of the Americas	8	3
Belgium	European Region	7	1
Qatar	Eastern Mediterranean Region	7	2
Thailand	South-East Asia Region	6	1
Italy	European Region	4	3
France	European Region	4	1
Australia	Western Pacific Region	4	1
Türkiye	European Region	4	0
Ireland	European Region	3	0
Spain	European Region	2	2
Angola	African Region	2	0
Canada	Region of the Americas	2	1
United Arab Emirates	Eastern Mediterranean Region	2	0
Portugal	European Region	1	1
Netherlands	European Region	1	1
Malaysia	Western Pacific Region	1	1
Oman	Eastern Mediterranean Region	1	0
Pakistan	Eastern Mediterranean Region	1	0
Sweden	European Region	1	0
Zimbabwe	African Region	1	0
Brazil	Region of the Americas	1	0
Switzerland	European Region	1	0
Japan	Western Pacific Region	1	1
Senegal	African Region	1	0
Note: Data as of 24 October 2025.
1 Cases reported in Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo are known to be a mix of clade Ia and clade Ib MPXV.

Global map of clade Ib MPXV spread

The following map shows countries reporting clade Ib MPXV in the past six weeks, and aims to classify their transmission dynamics into two ordinal categories. If countries have not reported cases in the past six weeks, they are not considered to have active clade Ib transmission.

Timeline of clade Ib MPXV spread

Clade Ib MPXV has been reported in the following countries. The timeline below shows the date of report to WHO, place of travel, and number of onward cases reported.

Cases which led to onward cases are shown in red, while cases with no onward transmission are shown in blue.

Epidemic curve of imported clade Ib cases over time

Note this figure does not include onward cases derived from imported cases.

2.3 Geographical spread of clade Ia MPXV

This section gives an overview of clade Ia MPXV distribution in affected countries, as well as imported travel related cases. MPXV clade Ia is endemic in several countries in Central Africa, and is associated with regular spillover from animal reservoirs. However, like clade Ib, some sublineages of clade Ia have recently been linked to sustained human to human transmission.

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Endemic:

Countries with a historical reporting of clade Ia MPXV cases, likely due to zoonotic spillover events from local animal fauna

Community transmission:

Non-endemic countries reporting ongoing local transmission, including unlinked cases affecting population groups throughout the community

Cases linked to travel:

Countries reporting cases likely infected in other countries, including instances where one to two generations of onward transmission have been reported in country, and linked to index cases.

Unknown:

Insufficient information is available to determine if cases are due to community transmission or linked to travel.

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Status of countries reporting clade Ia MPXV

The following table includes countries reporting clade Ia MPXV, and aims to classify their transmission dynamics into three ordinal categories.

Transmission status by country: clade Ia MPXV
1 January 2022 to 19 October 2025
Country	WHO Region	Transmission status1
Cameroon	African Region	Endemic
Central African Republic	African Region	Endemic
Congo	African Region	Endemic
Democratic Republic of the Congo	African Region	Endemic
Sudan	Eastern Mediterranean Region	Endemic
China	Western Pacific Region	Cases linked to travel
Ireland	European Region	Cases linked to travel
Türkiye	European Region	Cases linked to travel
Note: Imported cases are updated as of 24 October 2025 whereas case counts for countries classified as community transmission are updated as of 19 October 2025.
1 Countries with cases linked to travel also include instances where one to two generations of onward transmission have been reported, and linked to index cases.

Global map of clade Ia MPXV spread

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3 Situation in Africa

This section is jointly authored by the WHO Regional Office for Africa, the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean¹⁰ and WHO Headquarters.

¹⁰ On the African continent there are 47 Member States in the WHO African Region and seven in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region.

Since 1 January 2022, cases of mpox have been reported to WHO from 33 Member States across Africa. As of 19 October 2025 , a total of 59 710 laboratory confirmed cases, including 252 deaths, have been reported to WHO.

In the past twelve months, as of 19 October 2025, 28 countries have reported 47 080 confirmed cases, including 197 deaths. The three countries with the majority of the cases in the last 12 months are Democratic Republic of the Congo, (n = 24 882), Uganda, (n = 8137), and Sierra Leone, (n = 5433).

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo a significant number of suspected mpox cases, that are clinically compatible with mpox remain untested due to limited diagnostic capacity and thus never get confirmed¹¹. Moreover, not all countries have robust surveillance systems¹² for mpox, meaning reported case counts are likely underestimating the extent of community transmission.

¹¹ This indicator should be interpreted with caution, as suspected mpox cases are recorded according to varying national case definitions.

¹² Surveillance may also be affected by differences in case definitions across countries. These can be viewed in Section 3.5.

3.1 Outbreak status and MPXV clade distribution

The distribution of clades reported in Africa, and the outbreak status of countries on the continent is shown in the maps below. The distribution of reported mpox clades in Africa is also shown below.

Maps can be clicked to view on a larger scale.

Outbreak status

Outbreak status of countries is shown below¹³.

¹³ Countries with active mpox transmission are classified as those that have reported cases to WHO within the past 42 days. If a country does not share information on mpox cases or provide regular zero-case reporting to WHO or any other open-access resources, its outbreak status may not accurately reflect its current situation on the map.

MPXV clade distribution

Clade distribution is shown below¹⁴. Note that subnational distributions of MPXV clades are not captured in this figure.

¹⁴ In many cases, sequencing may not capture all circulating clades, leading to under-representation of where clades are circulating.

Confirmed cases in the past six weeks

3.2 Epidemic curves

Epidemic curve shown by week for cases reported up to 19 Oct 2025. The most recent weeks presented in the epidemic curves should be interpreted with caution, as there are delays associated with reporting.

3.2.1 Confirmed cases

The following epidemic curve shows the number of confirmed cases by week for countries in Africa. Use the dropdowns to select the time range and countries to display.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a small number of cases are not represented on epidemic curves due to missing dates.

In week 37 of 2025, revisions to the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s laboratory database retrospectively added over 2000 confirmed cases across provinces for earlier weeks of 2025.

Time range

Year to date Past 12 months 2022 to present

Countries

Clades reported

Any clades Clade Ia MPXV only Clade Ib MPXV only Clade II MPXV only Clades Ia and Ib MPXV Clades Ia and II MPXV

3.2.2 All cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

All cases, including suspected and lab confirmed cases are shown from 2024. We exceptionally highlight the Democratic Republic of the Congo due to the testing shortage in country, where only a third of cases in 2024 were tested.

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3.3 Maps

Maps can be clicked to view on a larger scale. Note that data are only shown for Africa - data from elsewhere are reflected in the global sections of the report.

Confirmed cases past 12 months

Confirmed cases past six weeks

Confirmed deaths in past 12 months

Confirmed deaths in past six weeks

3.4 Data by country

Data by country is available in table format here.

3.4.1 Laboratory confirmed cases

Summary of Laboratory confirmed mpox cases

As of 19 Oct 2025

¹ From 08 Sep 2025 to 19 Oct 2025

² Confirmed mpox cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are based on the laboratory database shared by the Ministry of Health with WHO. Annual breakdowns exclude 494 confirmed cases with dates prior to 2024 or with missing date information. Confirmed deaths for 2024 are based on summary reports from the Ministry of Health. For 2025, confirmed deaths are sourced from the clinical management database, also shared by the Ministry of Health with WHO, which includes data on confirmed mpox patients treated at designated mpox treatment centres.

3.5 Case definitions

This section includes the national case definition used in African countries in order to provide more context for the interpretation of data, especially of suspected cases.

Case definitions for suspected cases are shown for the following countries below:

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Suspected case:

A person with sudden onset of high fever followed by a vesiculopustular rash predominantly on the face and present on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; OR presence of at least 5 smallpox-like scars,

OR

Any person with fever > 38.3 °C (101 F), severe headache, lymphadenopathy, back pain, myalgia, and severe weakness, followed 1-3 days later by a progressive rash that often begins on the face (more dense) and then spreads elsewhere on the body, including the soles of the feet and palms of the hands.

Confirmed case:

Any case for which the clinical and epidemiological diagnosis of mpox has been laboratory confirmed.

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4 Situation in the DRC

Here, we exceptionally present an overview of the ongoing situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in agreement with the national Ministry of Public Health.

The current spread of mpox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is attributed to two increasingly interspersed outbreaks:

• The spread of clade Ia MPXV, largely in endemic provinces of the country¹⁵, and

• The spread of clade Ib MPXV, which emerged in 2023 in the South Kivu province¹⁶.

¹⁵ Endemic provinces are: Equateur, Sankuru, Tshuapa, Tshopo, Nord Ubangi, Bas Uele, Sud-Ubangi, Mongala, Kwilu, Maindombe, and Maniema, where in the DRC, an endemic area is considered to be one which has reported mpox cases for at least five consecutive years.

¹⁶ Cases of clade Ib MPXV have been detected in Haut Katanga, Ituri, Kasai, Kinshasa, Kongo Central, Lomami, Lualaba, Maindombe, Mongala, Nord Kivu, Sud-Kivu, Tanganyika, and Tshopo.

Clade Ia MPXV is associated with zoonotic spillover from animal reservoirs followed by some human-to-human transmission. Emerging evidence shows that human-to-human transmission has been sustained in Kinshasa since the second half of 2024. In contrast, epidemiological and sequencing information show that clade Ib MPXV is associated predominantly with human-to-human transmission.

In this section, clade distribution across provinces is based on sequencing data provided by the Democratic Republic of the Congo National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB). Geographical representation may be incomplete, and the actual clade distribution could be broader and more nuanced than currently presented.

The report presents trends based on three key data sources:

Source	Description	Usage
Syndromic mpox surveillance system	Data on suspected mpox cases and deaths collected via the Integrated Disease Surveillance database (IDS). Cases that are tested and are negative are not retrospectively removed once reported. Data delay of 1-2 weeks.	Overall case and death numbers, and trends in cases.
Laboratory data	Mpox suspected cases that are sampled and tested. Data delay varies between different provinces and the distance from the reference laboratory.	Confirmed case numbers and trends in confirmed cases.
Case-based epidemiological data	Detailed information about all investigated cases, including case classification based on sampling and testing. Completeness and delays vary between different provinces.	Demographic characteristics of cases
Sequencing metadata	Basic case-based information about confirmed cases that are sequenced.	Information on the clade distribution of MPXV in the country

All surveillance data are subject to reporting delays, and data cleaning is ongoing. As a result, sub-national case counts in this section may lag behind those reported at the national level. Mpox surveillance coverage and completeness in the Democratic Republic of the Congo varies over geographic space and time, and in some cases data sources may not be fully harmonised.

WHO’s data analyses and results for the Democratic Republic of the Congo are based on 2024-2025 laboratory line list shared by the Ministry of Public Health. This dataset includes over 2,000 confirmed cases without a sampling date; while these cases are included in the total case count, they are not shown in the epidemic curves. This approach was discussed and agreed upon by all relevant parties. Discrepancies between WHO data and that of other partners may result from differences in data sources and/or the data cleaning methodologies.

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a small number of cases are not represented on epidemic curves due to missing dates.

In week 37 of 2025, revisions to the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s laboratory database retrospectively added over 2000 confirmed cases across provinces for earlier weeks of 2025.

4.1 Situation summary

In July 2025, one clade IIb case was imported into Kinshasa, followed by a single secondary case in a contact. Case follow-up and contact tracing found no further transmission, and there is currently no evidence of wider circulation of this strain. Trends for Kinshasa are therefore presented as clade Ia and Ib.

Distribution of MPXV sequences

The map is generated using sequences that are publicly available in the INRB, GISAID and Genbank databases. MPXV sequences from Democratic Republic of the Congo are shown from October 2023, with the latest sequence here sampled on 07 August 2025.

Trends in all cases by province

Trends shown for the 16 provinces reporting the highest numbers in the past six weeks. Data shown for all cases, via syndromic surveillance system.

Recent cases by health zone

Data shown for all cases, via syndromic surveillance system.

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4.2 Genomic surveillance

In this subsection, we present visualizations of sequences that are publicly available in the INRB, GISAID and Genbank databases. The latest MPXV sequence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo was sampled on 07 August 2025.

Important

When interpreting these data, it is important to note that the availability of sequences is not uniform across time and space, and that the distribution of sequences may not be representative of the true distribution of clades in the country.

Samples associated with clade Ib MPXV were first collected in late 2023 - the designation of this lineage in 2024 retrospectively classified all previously identified sequences as clade Ia MPXV (previously they would be considered clade I). Therefore, all sequences identified before 2023 are retrospectively attributable to ancestral clade Ia MPXV.

Sequencing from 2023

The map below shows the distribution of MPXV sequences from the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2023. The color of each province represents the proportion of sequences that are clade Ib MPXV¹⁷.

¹⁷ Sequences are obtained from metadata shared by the Democratic Republic of the Congo National Institute of Biomedical Research (INRB), and from publicly available sequences on Genbank and GISAID.

Classification of provinces

4.3 Laboratory testing

This section presents indicators related to mpox testing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including the proportion of suspected cases sampled and test positivity among sampled cases over time. Tests are performed by a laboratory network throughout the country using conventional PCR testing and GeneXpert PCR.

Throughout this section, sampling percentages are calculated as the number of cases sampled (based on national laboratory line list data) divided by the number of cases reported through the syndromic surveillance system for the geographic unit. Please note, since this calculation draws from two separate data sources, date misalignments may lead to discrepancies.

Test positivity is calculated as the number of positive PCR samples out of the total tested for each geographic unit.

Laboratory testing by geographic area
from 01 Jan 2024 to 01 Oct 2025
	% suspected cases tested	% tested cases positive
Kinshasa	-	39.2%
Sud-Kivu	42.7%	66.9%
Nord Kivu	-	39.7%
Endemic provinces	25.5%	53.9%

4.3.1 National level

Monthly percentages of suspected cases for whom a sample was collected and monthly percentage of confirmed cases through laboratory testing. Sampling and confirmation percentages follow the same calculation methods described above. Positivity rates are based solely on national laboratory line list data. Wider confidence intervals indicate smaller sample sizes or more variable positivity^{18 19}.

¹⁸ Confidence intervals are calculated via the binomial distribution.

¹⁹ The decrease in the proportion of cases sampled after the PHEIC declaration in August 2024 is linked to the increase in case detection. Similarly, the decrease in the proportion of cases positive is influenced by the increase in testing after August 2024.

4.3.2 By province

Sampling percentages are not shown for Kinshasa, as all cases are sampled. Nord Kivu is excluded due to differences in syndromic case reporting over time.

Variations in positivity rates may reflect differences in disease incidence as well as sampling and testing capacity and strategy over time^{20 21}.

²⁰ Confidence intervals are calculated via the binomial distribution.

²¹ The decrease in the proportion of cases sampled after the PHEIC declaration in August 2024 is linked to the increase in case detection. Similarly, the decrease in the proportion of cases positive is influenced by the increase in testing after August 2024.

4.3.3 By province and age group

Monthly percentages of suspected cases for whom a sample was collected and confirmed through laboratory testing by age across four geographic areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sampling percentages are not shown for Kinshasa, as all cases are sampled. Nord Kivu is excluded due to differences in syndromic case reporting over time.

% suspected cases sampled and %tested cases positive by age and geographic area
from 01 Jan 2024 to 01 Oct 2025
	% Suspected Cases Tested			% Tested Cases Positive
	0-4 yrs	5–14 yrs	15+ yrs	0–4 yrs	5–14 yrs	15+ yrs
Kinshasa	-	-	-	42.2%	43.1%	65.0%
Sud-Kivu	21.7%	44.7%	45.0%	56.7%	54.5%	65.8%
Nord Kivu	-	-	-	29.9%	31.6%	43.5%
Endemic provinces	11.8%	28.9%	32.3%	48.4%	49.5%	51.0%

4.4 Data tables

Note

Total cases and death columns reflect data for 2024 and 2025.

Laboratory confirmed cases

Note

This table is generated from multple data sources. In some cases where delays in reporting do not match, the percentage of cases tested may be higher than the number of total cases.

Summary of mpox testing by province, Democratic Republic of Congo

as of 12 Oct 2025

¹ Data shown for all cases, via syndromic surveillance system.

² from 01 Sep 2025 to 12 Oct 2025

³ In Nord-Kivu, the number of tested cases is higher than the total cases in 2024, due to the fact that during this time discarded cases are not included in the total cases

All cases by Health Zone

The following table is shown for the health zones with the highest numbers of recorded cases in the past six weeks.

Summary of most affected health zones in past 6 weeks, Democratic Republic of Congo

as of 12 Oct 2025

¹ Data shown for all cases, via syndromic surveillance system.

² from 01 Sep 2025 to 12 Oct 2025

4.5 Maps

Distribution of cases and deaths can be explored in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the provincial and health zone levels²². The maps are interactive and can be explored by clicking on the layers in the legend to show or hide the different layers. Note that the legend scale varies across layers.

²² Note the administrative levels of DRC are province (admin 1), health zone (admin 2) and health area (admin 3).

Note

Total cases and deaths reflect data for 2024 and 2025.

4.5.1 Provincial level

4.5.2 Health zone level

Disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

4.6 Epidemic curves

In July 2025, one clade IIb case was imported into Kinshasa, followed by a single secondary case in a contact. Case follow-up and contact tracing found no further transmission, and there is currently no evidence of wider circulation of this strain. Trends for Kinshasa are therefore presented as clade Ia and Ib.

In July 2025, one clade IIb case was imported into Kinshasa, followed by a single secondary case in a contact. Case follow-up and contact tracing found no further transmission, and there is currently no evidence of wider circulation of this strain. Trends for Kinshasa are therefore presented as clade Ia and Ib.

All cases by province

Trends shown for the 16 provinces reporting the highest numbers of cases in the past six weeks. Data shown for all cases, via syndromic surveillance system.

Confirmed cases by province

Trends in confirmed cases shown for the 16 provinces reporting the highest numbers of confirmed cases in the past six weeks. Note that confirmed cases are highly sensitive to the availability of testing which is variable over space and time.

Total cases

Trends as per the syndromic surveillance data (IDSR) shown for individual provinces.

Indicator

Cases Deaths

Province

Bas Uele Equateur Haut Katanga Haut Lomami Haut Uele Ituri Kasai Kasai Central Kasai Oriental Kinshasa Kongo Central Kwango Kwilu Lomami Lualaba Maindombe Maniema Mongala Nord Kivu Nord Ubangi Sankuru Sud-Kivu Sud-Ubangi Tanganyika Tshopo Tshuapa

Health Zone

All Aketi Ango Bili Bondo Buta Dingila Likati Monga Poko Titule Viadana

Confirmed cases

Trends shown for individual provinces via the laboratory database.

Province

Bas Uele Equateur Haut Katanga Haut Lomami Haut Uele Ituri Kasai Kasai Central Kasai Oriental Kinshasa Kongo Central Kwango Kwilu Lomami Lualaba Maindombe Maniema Mongala Nord Kivu Nord Ubangi Sankuru Sud-Kivu Sud-Ubangi Tanganyika Tshopo Tshuapa

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4.7 Severity

Most mpox deaths in the country are not confirmed by laboratory testing and they are reported through the syndromic surveillance system. Mpox endemic provinces report the highest number of deaths and have a higher case fatality ratio (CFR) compared to recently affected provinces.

Endemic provinces are considered: Equateur, Sankuru, Tshuapa, Tshopo, Nord Ubangi, Bas Uele, Sud-Ubangi, Mongala, Kwilu, Maindombe, and Maniema

²³ Confidence intervals are calculated via the binomial distribution.

Information from available sequences shows that cases in these provinces are associated with a dominance of clade Ia MPXV, although CFR may be affected by demographic factors, healthcare access, reporting practices, and comorbidities. CFR is calculated as the number of deaths divided by the number of cases, with 95% confidence intervals shown²³.

CFR estimates are derived from all cases - for this reason they may be influenced by regional differences in surveillance.

Region	Deaths	CFR	95% CI
Endemic provinces	1874	2.5%	2.3% - 2.6%
Sud Kivu	53	0.1%	0.1% - 0.2%
Kinshasa	19	0.3%	0.2% - 0.4%
Nord Kivu	3	0.0%	0.0% - 0.1%

Age group	CFR	95% CI
Endemic provinces
0-4	3.2%	3.0% - 3.4%
5-14	2.1%	2.0% - 2.3%
15+	1.9%	1.8% - 2.1%
Kinshasa
0-4	1.3%	0.6% - 2.5%
5-14	0.2%	0.0% - 0.6%
15+	0.2%	0.1% - 0.3%
Sud Kivu
0-4	0.2%	0.1% - 0.3%
5-14	0.0%	0.0% - 0.1%
15+	0.2%	0.1% - 0.3%

All cases

By age group

Note only provinces with more than 10 deaths are included below.

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4.8 Case demographics

This section presents the age and sex distribution of confirmed mpox cases, across different geographic locations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The aim is to highlight demographic differences between cases reported in endemic and those in recently affected areas, as well as between different time periods. Data are presented for the overall 2024-2025 (section 4.8.1), and for a comparison between earlier versus more recent six weeks periods) (section 4.8.2) to identify changes that might reflect differences in transmission dynamics.

The pyramid outlined in black represents the population distribution in the different settings, allowing comparison of case distribution against population structure and highlighting relative attack rates across age groups.

4.8.1 Age-sex pyramids by location

Suspected cases are not shown in Kinshasa, as nearly all cases are tested.

Endemic provinces are: Equateur, Sankuru, Tshuapa, Tshopo, Nord Ubangi, Bas Uele, Sud-Ubangi, Mongala, Kwilu, Maindombe, and Maniema.

Nord Kivu

The age-sex pyramid shows that confirmed cases in Nord Kivu are concentrated among children (0-18 years), who also experience higher attack rates compared with the general population.

Sud Kivu

Confirmed cases in Sud Kivu shows are most common among young adults (20-34 years), and children (0-9 years). The higher attack rates are observed in the 10–24-year age group, particularly among females.

Kinshasa

Confirmed mpox cases in Kinshasa are primarily reported among adults (≥18 years), with a predominance of males.

Endemic provinces

In endemic provinces, the age-sex distribution remains largely consistent, with most confirmed cases reported among younger age groups. Attack rates are relatively similar across age groups, though slightly more males than females are reported in all age groups.

4.8.2 Age and sex in recent weeks

The majority of cases are tested in Kinshasa, meaning there are very few suspected cases.

Endemic provinces are: Equateur, Sankuru, Tshuapa, Tshopo, Nord Ubangi, Bas Uele, Sud-Ubangi, Mongala, Kwilu, Maindombe, and Maniema.

Nord Kivu

In recent weeks in Nord Kivu, fewer confirmed cases have been reported among small children (0-4 years), while more cases have been observed among young adults (20-29 years).

Sud Kivu

Over time, the proportion of children among confirmed mpox cases has increased in South Kivu. In recent weeks, the age-sex pyramid aligns more closely with the general population distribution, with lower attack rates among children (0-4 years) and adults (≥35 years).

Kinshasa

The age-sex distribution of confirmed mpox cases in Kinshasa is shifting over time, with more cases detected among younger age groups and children being detected in recent weeks.

Endemic provinces

Throughout the reporting period, endemic provinces consistently report the highest number of cases, with broadly comparable attack rates. In recent weeks, however, fewer cases have been observed among children aged 0–4 years.

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5 Global Situation

Year	Total Cases	Total Deaths	Countries reporting cases
2022	84 901	138	108
2023	9675	45	76
2024	26 377	78	85
2025	44 299	180	93

This section of the report includes only confirmed and probable mpox cases and deaths at a global level.

Note

Since 2022 to date, the vast majority of mpox cases are attributable to clade IIb MPXV²⁴. The data presented here are based on the most recent complete month of data reported to WHO as of 30 September 2025.

²⁴ Not all cases can be attributed to a specific MPXV clade. While some countries have sporadic imported cases of other clades, widespread community transmission of other clades has not been reported to WHO.

Data in this section are derived from a combination of two datasets:

1. Aggregate case reporting, collected monthly²⁵ and,
2. Detailed case-based data for a subset of cases reported directly from Member States to WHO²⁶.

²⁵ Global aggregated data are collected through direct reporting from Member States to WHO and its partners or from official country sources.

²⁶ Data from cases are reported according to the WHO minimum dataset under the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) Article 6.

Where information is available, the majority of cases associated with clade IIb MPXV continue to be adult, male, and self-identified as men who have sex with men.

Globally, cases of mpox peaked in August 2022 - while significantly fewer cases are reported now, transmission of clade IIb MPXV continues globally.

5.1 Key figures

Year	Total Cases	Total Deaths	Countries reporting cases
2022	83 932	122	96
2023	9173	38	67
2024	10 757	27	65
2025	6423	11	67
Note the case and death counts correspond to cases reported outside Africa.

Global epidemic curve

Epidemic curve shown for past year by month for cases reported up to 30 Sep 2025 to avoid showing incomplete months of data.

Age and sex outside of Africa

Age and sex shown for confirmed cases reported outside of Africa, for the past twelve months.

Map of cases in past year

Map of cases in past month

5.2 Reporting summary

In 30 September 2025, a total of 25 countries outside Africa reported 512 new confirmed cases and 0 new deaths.

From January 2022 and as of 30 September 2025, detailed case data for countries outside Africa was reported for 103 849 cases, representing 61.5% of all cases reported during this period.

Cases reported by region

Total mpox cases, by WHO region
Data from January 2022 to September 2025
WHO region	Total cases1	Total deaths1	Cases in last 12 months2	Cases in Aug 2025	Cases in Sep 2025	Monthly % change in cases	Countries reporting cases in past month
Region of the Americas	70 693	154	4121	339	144	−58.0%	6
African Region	58 659	242	46 183	3635	2622	−28.0%	17
European Region	30 997	10	2837	203	232	14.0%	11
Western Pacific Region	6594	18	2177	138	110	−20.0%	5
South-East Asia Region	1109	14	138	13	23	77.0%	1
Eastern Mediterranean Region	922	3	44	7	4	−43.0%	3
1 From 1 January 2022
2 From October 2024

Cases reported by country

Total Mpox cases, by WHO region

¹ Counts are based on the global monthly reported data for which the latest month is shown.

² Cases shown include those in mainland China (2751), Hong Kong SAR (78), Taipei (468), and Macao (2)

Countries reporting first cases

Countries reporting first cases in the last month
Data as of September 2025
Country	WHO Region	Cases

Reporting coverage for detailed case data

The following table shows the proportion of confirmed cases reported in detailed case data for each WHO region²⁷.

²⁷ Case-based data reported by the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not included in this table. Cased based data from the Democratic Republic of the Congo is complete, and shown in Section 4

Mpox reporting completeness
From NA to 30 Sep 2025
	Total Confirmed Cases	Total Detailed Confirmed Cases1	% Detailed Cases reported
Region of the Americas	70 693	67 888	96.0%
African Region	58 659	672	1.1%
European Region	30 997	30 796	99.4%
Western Pacific Region	6594	3252	49.3%
South-East Asia Region	1109	1101	99.3%
Eastern Mediterranean Region	922	140	15.2%
1 Note that in rare cases total detailed cases may exceed total confirmed cases due to ongoing data cleaning issues

5.3 Trends in cases

5.3.1 Trends by WHO region

Time range

Past 12 months 2022 to present

Indicator

Confirmed cases Confirmed deaths

Location relative to Africa

WHO region

5.3.2 Trends by country

Time range

Past 12 months 2022 to present

Indicator

Confirmed cases Confirmed deaths

Country

Albania Andorra Angola Argentina Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belgium Benin Bermuda Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chile China Colombia Congo Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czechia Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg Malawi Malaysia Malta Martinique Mauritius Mexico Monaco Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nepal Netherlands New Caledonia New Zealand Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Martin San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Thailand The United Kingdom Togo Trinidad and Tobago Türkiye Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Republic of Tanzania United States of America Uruguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Viet Nam Zambia Zimbabwe

5.4 Global Maps

Disclaimer

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

5.5 Case demographics (largely clade IIb MPXV)

Case demographics are shown for cases outside of the WHO African region, the vast majority of whom are attributable to MPXV clade IIb²⁸.

²⁸ The epidemiological situation in Africa is significantly different from the epidemiology described in the rest of the world, both in terms of transmission dynamics and circulating MPXV clades. More information can be see in Section 3.

Outside of the WHO African region, the majority of cases are adult (99% of cases aged 18+) and male (97% of cases with reported gender male). Of those reporting sexual behaviour, the majority self-identified as men who have sex with men (89%). The most common mode of transmission is via sexual contact 88%.

Summary of cases

Note that the proportions shown below should be interpreted with caution. In some cases, a variable may be more likely to be filled in if the answer is yes than if the answer is no. This is most likely to be true for variables such as HIV status, health worker status, travel history, hospitalization, ICU, and death.

Case Profile
Variable	Overall		Past 12 months1
	Responded Yes	Total cases with response	Responded Yes	Cases with response
Men who have sex with men	33 129 (87.1%)	38 051	2174 (89.1%)	2441
Persons living with HIV	19 909 (51.1%)	38 984	970 (41.8%)	2323
Health worker	1598 (3.8%)	41 735	57 (3.5%)	1646
Travel History	5361 (17.2%)	31 225	575 (26.8%)	2142
Sexual Transmission	21 525 (88.5%)	24 328	2139 (94.9%)	2254
Hospitalized2	6726 (8.9%)	75 437	280 (8.5%)	3305
ICU	51 (0.4%)	12 041	5 (0.8%)	659
Died	201 (0.3%)	64 126	2 (0.1%)	3126
1 From 30 Sep 2024 to 30 Sep 2025
2 May be hospitalized for isolation or medical treatment

Age and sex pyramid

Age and sex not shown where combinations of variables result in fewer than 50 cases. Hospitalised cases do not include instances where cases were explicitly hospitalised for isolation purposes only.

Time range

Past 12 months 2022 to present

Hospitalisation status

All cases Hospitalised

WHO region

Transmission type

Transmission data were available for 23 891 of 103 177 (23.2%) of cases.

Transmission can occur during sex via skin-to-skin contact as well as via bodily fluids. While skin-to-skin contact with lesions remains an important transmission route, monkeypox virus has been isolated from semen samples and rectal swabs from confirmed cases. Note that person to person contact excludes known sexual, healthcare-associated, and mother to child transmission.

Exposure settings

Exposure setting data were available for 8737 of 103 177 (8.5%) of cases. This information was collected between January 2022 and October 2023, whereafter the collection of this variable was discontinued.

Note that multiple exposure settings can be attributed to a single case. Here, differentiation between party settings and large events is determined by size of the event, although there is no formal size threshold to distinguish the two.

Other key populations

• 62 cases were reported to be pregnant or recently pregnant.

• 1598 cases were reported to be health workers. Of those reporting transmission modality, 8/467 cases were reported healthcare associated exposure.

• 206 young children aged 0-4 years were reported. This accounts for 0.2% of cases with a reported age.

5.6 Symptomatology (largely clade IIb MPXV)

Although most cases in current outbreaks have presented with mild disease symptoms, monkeypox virus (MPXV) may cause severe disease in certain population groups (young children, pregnant women, immunosuppressed persons).

Among the cases who reported at least one symptom, the most common symptom is any rash and is reported in 91% of cases with at least one reported symptom. Note that identifying true denominators for symptomatology is difficult due to a general lack of negative reporting and symptom definitions that may vary between countries’ reporting systems.

A bar chart and table showing symptoms is shown below. Here any rash refers to one or more rash symptoms (systemic, oral, genital, or unknown location), and any lymphadenopathy refers to either general or local lymphadenopathy. Systemic rash included rash on the body, excluding mucosal and genital rash. Symptom information is shown for all cases where information was available reported from January 2022.

Bar chart - Symptoms

All cases

Cases by sex

Table - Symptoms

Summary of symptoms
As of 30 Sep 2025
	All	Male	Female
Any rash	34 824 (91.4%)	32 395 (91.9%)	1113 (87.8%)
Systemic rash	19 769 (51.9%)	18 928 (53.7%)	803 (63.4%)
Genital rash	19 685 (51.7%)	17 911 (50.8%)	554 (43.7%)
Fever	18 828 (49.4%)	17 940 (50.9%)	715 (56.4%)
Any lymphadenopathy	9953 (26.1%)	9629 (27.3%)	253 (20.0%)
Headache	9225 (24.2%)	8746 (24.8%)	423 (33.4%)
Muscle ache	9075 (23.8%)	7879 (22.4%)	368 (29.0%)
General lymphadenopathy	8019 (21.0%)	7820 (22.2%)	134 (10.6%)
Fatigue	5695 (14.9%)	5558 (15.8%)	126 (9.9%)
Sore throat	4880 (12.8%)	4618 (13.1%)	210 (16.6%)
Local lymphadenopathy	4190 (11.0%)	4040 (11.5%)	144 (11.4%)
Rash, unknown location	4077 (10.7%)	4038 (11.5%)	35 (2.8%)
Oral rash	3194 (8.4%)	2852 (8.1%)	83 (6.6%)
Chills	2582 (6.8%)	2416 (6.9%)	130 (10.3%)
Cough	918 (2.4%)	860 (2.4%)	43 (3.4%)
Vomiting	817 (2.1%)	713 (2.0%)	58 (4.6%)
Lymphadenopathy, location unknown	580 (1.5%)	571 (1.6%)	8 (0.6%)
Anogenital pain and/or bleeding	577 (1.5%)	567 (1.6%)	6 (0.5%)
Asymptomatic	343 (0.9%)	329 (0.9%)	13 (1.0%)
Other	268 (0.7%)	262 (0.7%)	6 (0.5%)
Conjunctivitis	233 (0.6%)	192 (0.5%)	11 (0.9%)
Diarrhea	168 (0.4%)	145 (0.4%)	2 (0.2%)
Genital oedema	79 (0.2%)	78 (0.2%)	0

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6 Epidemiological parameters

This section of the report highlights studies that estimate key mpox epidemiological parameters—incubation period, serial interval, and generation time—to enhance understanding of the outbreak’s dynamics.

The WHO Collaboratory Epi Parameters Community maintains a user-friendly repository of epidemiological parameters for modelers, epidemiologists, subject matter experts, and decision-makers to support mathematical modeling, public health preparedness, and response.

The presented studies are sourced from:

1. The {epiparameter} R package, maintained by data.org’s Epiverse initiative, which includes periodically reviewed literature and accepts user-submitted parameters via a publicly accessible Google Sheet.

2. A literature screening process conducted by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), established in 2022, with documented inclusion criteria and methodology in the Methods sheet of their results.

These sources are consolidated in a single repository, accessible via an API (details here). As this is an experimental product under development, feedback is encouraged via Collaboratory@who.int.

The tables below summarize the most relevant estimates for incubation period, serial interval, and generation time, derived from these sources.

Parameters

Incubation Period

Incubation Period
Reference	Clade	Country	n	Median1	Mean1	SD1	95% CrI / CI1	IQR1	Range1	Distribution
Kremer, 2025	Ib	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1,013	-	-	-	8.2 - 11	-	-	-
Marziano, 2024	I	Democratic Republic of the Congo	-	-	9.9	-	8.5 - 11.5	-	-	Weibull
Ponce, 20242	I	Multiple countries	-	-	7.3	-	5 - 10.2	-	-	Gamma
Ponce, 20242	II	Multiple countries	-	-	8.9	-	6.6 - 11.7	-	-	Gamma
Zhang, 2024	-	England	75	6.9	-	-	4.1 - 20.2	-	-	-
Gaspari, 2023	IIb3	Italy	30	9.0	-	-	-	-	4 - 15	-
Madewell, 2023	IIb3	United States	36	-	5.6	-	4.3 - 7.8	-	-	Gamma
Maldonado, 2023	IIb3	Peru	205	7.0	-	-	-	3 - 14	-	-
Wang, 2022	I	Congo	-	9.5	-	-	-	8 - 12.2	-	-
Nunez, 2022	II	Mexico	18	8.0	-	-	-	4 - 9	-	-
Suarez Rodriguez, 2022	II	Spain	45	-	-	-	-	-	7 - 9.6	-
Tarin-Vicente, 2022	II	Spain	144	7.0	-	-	-	5 - 10	1 - 19	-
Wang, 2022	IIa	United States	-	16.8	-	-	-	11.4 - 23.9	-	-
Angelo, 2022	IIb3	Multiple countries	78	8.0	-	-	-	5 - 11	2 - 40	-
Catala, 2022	IIb3	Spain	77	6.0	-	-	-	-	4 - 9	-
Charniga, 2022	IIb3	United States, Netherlands	40	6.4	7.6	4.9	6.2 - 9.7	-	-	Log-Normal
Choudhury, 2022	IIb3	Germany	179	-	-	-	-	4 - 10	-	-
Guzzetta, 2022	IIb3	Italy	30	-	9.1	-	6.5 - 10.9	-	-	Gamma
Kroger, 2022	IIb3	Germany	209	-	8.2	-	-	-	-	Log-Normal
Mailhe, 2022	IIb3	France	112	6.0	-	-	-	3 - 8	-	-
Miura, 2022	IIb3	Netherlands	18	-	8.5	-	6.6 - 10.9	-	-	Log-Normal
Moschese, 2022	IIb3	Italy	16	11.0	-	-	-	11 - 16	-	-
O'Laughlin, 2022	IIb3	United States	527	-	7.0	-	-	4 - 9	-	-
Rodríguez, 2022	IIb3	Spain	45	-	-	-	-	-	7 - 9.6	-
Thornhill, 2022	IIb3	Multiple countries	23	7.0	-	-	-	-	3 - 20	-
Wang, 2022	IIb	United Kingdom	-	8.3	-	-	7.6 - 9	-	-	-
Ward, 2022	IIb3	United Kingdom	54	-	7.8	-	6.6 - 9.2	-	-	Weibull
Besombes, 2022	-	Multiple countries	29	7.0	-	-	-	1 - 13	0 - 17	-
Gomez-Garberi, 2022	-	Multiple countries	14	13.0	-	-	-	-	3 - 30	-
Sources: {epiparameter} (Epiverse) and PHAC.
1 Units are in days.
2 Incubation period refers to the time between infection and the onset of symptoms.
3 Where explicit clade information is not reported, clades were presumed based on genomic surveillance data, aligning with those reported in the patient’s country at the time of the study.

Serial Interval

Serial Interval
Reference	Clade	Country	n	Median1	Mean1	SD1	95% CrI / CI1	IQR1	Range1	Distribution
Kremer, 2025	Ib	Democratic	1,013	-	-	-	7.2 - 9.9	-	-	-
Marziano, 2024	I	Democratic Republic of the Congo	11	-	11.4	-	9.9 - 13.5	-	-	Weibull
Marziano, 2024	I	Sudan, Central African Republic	32	-	17.5	-	14.1 - 21.5	-	-	Weibull
Zhang, 2024	-	England	75	8.8	-	-	5.2 - 25.8	-	-	-
Madewell, 2023	IIb2	United States	57	-	8.5	-	7.3 - 9.9	-	-	Gamma
Wang, 2022	I	Congo	-	9.7	-	-	-	9.3 - 10.1	-	-
Guo, 2022	IIb2	Multiple countries	21	-	5.6	-	-	-	-	-
Miura, 2022	IIb2	Netherlands	34	-	9.4	-	-	-	-	Normal
Wang, 2022	IIb	United Kingdom	-	9.8	-	-	-	8.9 - 10.7	-	-
Ward, 2022	IIb2	United Kingdom	79	-	9.5	-	7.4 - 12.3	-	-	Gamma
Sources: {epiparameter} (Epiverse) and PHAC.
1 Units are in days.
2 Where explicit clade information is not reported, clades were presumed based on genomic surveillance data, aligning with those reported in the patient’s country at the time of the study.

Generation Time

Generation Time
Reference	Clade	Country	n	Median1	Mean1	SD1	95% CrI / CI1	IQR1	Range1	Distribution
Marziano, 2024	I	Democratic Republic of the Congo	11	-	11.3	-	9.4 - 14	-	-	Gamma
Marziano, 2024	I	Sudan, Central African Republic	32	-	17.2	-	14.1 - 20.9	-	-	Gamma
Guzzetta, 2022	IIb2	Italy	30	-	12.5	-	7.5 - 17.3	-	-	-
Sources: {epiparameter} (Epiverse) and PHAC.
1 Units are in days.
2 Where explicit clade information is not reported, clades were presumed based on genomic surveillance data, aligning with those reported in the patient’s country at the time of the study.

Bibliography

Reference	Title	DOI
Angelo, 2022	Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with monkeypox in the GeoSentinel Network: a cross-sectional study	10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00651-x
Besombes, 2022	National Monkeypox Surveillance, Central African Republic, 2001-2021	10.3201/eid2812.220897
Catala, 2022	Monkeypox outbreak in Spain: clinical and epidemiological findings in a prospective cross-sectional study of 185 cases	10.1111/bjd.21790
Charniga, 2022	Estimating the incubation period of monkeypox virus during the 2022 multi-national outbreak	10.1101/2022.06.22.22276713
Choudhury, 2022	The First 179 Cases of Monkeypox in Hamburg—Demographic, Temporal, and Geographic Distribution	10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0340
Gaspari, 2023	Monkeypox Outbreak 2022: Clinical and Virological Features of 30 Patients at the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Centre of Sant’ Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Northeastern Italy	10.1128/jcm.01365-22
Gomez-Garberi, 2022	Genitourinary Lesions Due to Monkeypox	10.1016/j.eururo.2022.08.034
Guo, 2022	Estimation of the serial interval of monkeypox during the early outbreak in 2022	10.1002/jmv.28248
Guzzetta, 2022	Early Estimates of Monkeypox Incubation Period, Generation Time, and Reproduction Number, Italy, May–June 2022	10.3201/eid2810.221126
Kremer, 2025	Epidemiological characteristics of mpox virus Clade Ib in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: the impact of transmission mode	10.1101/2025.05.27.25328406
Kroger, 2022	Monkeypox outbreak 2022 – an overview of all cases reported to the Cologne Health Department	10.21203/rs.3.rs-2251751/v1
Madewell, 2023	Serial Interval and Incubation Period Estimates of Monkeypox Virus Infection in 12 Jurisdictions, United States, May–August 2022	10.3201/eid2904.221622
Mailhe, 2022	Clinical characteristics of ambulatory and hospitalized patients with monkeypox virus infection: an observational cohort study	10.1016/j.cmi.2022.08.012
Maldonado, 2023	Epidemiologic characteristics and clinical features of patients with monkeypox virus infection from a hospital in Peru between July and September 2022	10.1016/j.ijid.2023.01.045
Marziano, 2024	Epidemiologic Quantities for Monkeypox Virus Clade I from Historical Data with Implications for Current Outbreaks, Democratic Republic of the Congo	doi.org/10.3201/eid3010.240665
Miura, 2022	Estimated incubation period for monkeypox cases confirmed in the Netherlands, May 2022	10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2200448
Miura, 2022	Time scales of human monkeypox transmission in the Netherlands	10.1101/2022.12.03.22283056
Moschese, 2022	Natural history of human Monkeypox in individuals attending a sexual health clinic in Milan, Italy	10.1016/j.jinf.2022.08.019
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7 Download data

Data by country can be downloaded as a csv file by clicking the button below. The data include the number of new cases and deaths reported each week, as well as the total number of cases and deaths reported to date. The data are current as of 19 Oct 2025.

7.1 Global data

7.1.1 Daily data

🔗 You can also access this data programmatically via the public API: https://xmart-api-public.who.int/MPX/V_MPX_VALIDATED_DAILY

7.1.2 Data by month

7.1.3 Key case demographics

7.1.4 Mpox cases by age and sex (non-MSM)

7.1.5 Imported cases of clade I MPXV

7.2 Africa data

7.3 Democratic Republic of the Congo data

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8 Additional information

8.1 Disclaimers

8.1.1 Data Overview and Visualizations

The WHO 2022-25 global mpox trends report aims to provide frequently updated data visualizations. Caution must be taken when interpreting all data presented, and differences between information products published by WHO, national public health authorities, and other sources using different inclusion criteria and different data cut-off times are to be expected. While steps are taken to ensure accuracy and reliability, all data are subject to continuous verification and change. All counts are subject to variations in case detection, definitions, laboratory testing, and reporting strategies between countries, states and territories.

Data are compiled and shared with WHO by national public health authorities. Data compilation and submission to WHO Headquarters is done by the WHO Regional Offices and WHO Country Offices.

WHO makes no warranties or representations regarding the contents, appearance, completeness, technical specifications, or accuracy of the report. WHO disclaims all responsibility relating to, and shall not be liable for, any use of the report, the results of such use, or the reliance thereon.

WHO reserves the right to make updates and changes to the report without notice, and accepts no liability for any errors or omissions in this regard.

The user of the report is responsible for the interpretation and use of the analysis and outputs performed by the report. The submission of content to the report does not imply WHO’s approval or endorsement of that content, or that the content is appropriate for any purpose or meets any established standard or requirement.

Any designations employed or presentation by the user in its use of the app, including tables and maps, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries.

All references to Kosovo should be understood to be in the context of the United Nations Security Council resolution 1244 (1999).

A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas).

8.1.2 Copyright, Permissions, and Referencing

© World Health Organization 2025, All rights reserved.

WHO supports open access to the published output of its activities as a fundamental part of its mission and a public benefit to be encouraged wherever possible. Permission from WHO is not required for the use of the WHO Mpox global trends report or data available for download.

The user shall not, in connection with use of the app, state or imply that WHO endorses or is affiliated with the user, its use of the app, or any content, output, or analysis resulting from or related to the app, or that WHO endorses any entity, organization, company, or product.

The use of the WHO emblem / logo by a user of the report in connection with its use is not permitted. For further information, please visit WHO Copyright, Licencing and Permissions.

Suggested citation: 2022-25 Mpox Outbreak: Global Trends. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2025. Available online: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/ (last cited: [date]).

8.2 Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the input of national public health staff involved in surveillance activities and data submission to WHO, the WHO regional and country offices for the timely compilation of data, and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) for the provision of surveillance data collected via the TESSy platform, as well as external partners who contributed additional insights and contextual information on the data.

8.3 Feedback

For queries or comments on the contents of this report, please contact acuteepi@who.int